Trombosis de vena mesentérica superior como complicación de apendicitis aguda: una entidad poco frecuente / Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis as a complication of acute appendicitis: a rare entity

Las complicaciones de la apendicitis aguda ha sido ampliamente descrita en la literatura; la trombosis venosa mesenterica es una manifestación poco común de esta patologia correspondiento a menos del 1 % de frecuencia, esto puede desorientar al cirujano general al coexistir en el cuadro de apendicitis aguda. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 58 años, con dolor abdominal de 5 días de evolución, con sintomatologia poco especifica para el diagnóstico concreto de apendicitis. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada de abdomen con hallazgos de apendicitis aguda y trombososis venosa mesenterica con un coágulo de 11.5 cm. Se hizó también apendicectomia abierta y se inició anticoagulación al egreso hospitalario.

The complications of acute appendicitis have been widely described in the literature; Mesenteric venous thrombosis is a rare manifestation of this pathology corresponding to less than 1% frequency, this can confuse the general surgeon as it coexists with acute appendicitis. We present the case of a 58-year-old male patient, with abdominal pain of 5 days of evolution, with symptoms that are not very specific for the specific diagnosis of appendicitis. Computed tomography of the abdomen was performed with findings of acute appendicitis and mesenteric venous thrombosis with a clot of 11.5 cm. An open appendectomy was performed and anticoagulation was started on hospital discharge.

Remolinos mesentéricos en la angiotomografía de paciente con hernia de Petersen y aparente trombosis mesentérica / Mesenteric swirl on angiotomography of a patient with Petersen's hernia and apparent mesenteric thrombosis

RESUMEN Introducción: Las imágenes diagnósticas son fundamentales para diagnosticar la trombosis de la vena mesentérica y la hernia de Petersen. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento de una paciente que en angiotomografía presentó aparente trombosis de la vena mesentérica y hernia de Petersen. Caso clínico: Una paciente consultó por dolor abdominal tipo cólico, de predominio en epigastrio, irradiado a región dorsal. Por el cuadro clínico sugestivo de emergencia vascular se solicitó inmediatamente angiotomografía de vasos del tórax y abdomen. Las imágenes revelaron permeabilidad de la arteria mesentérica superior en su origen y en tercio proximal, se aprecia un giro de vasos (signo de remolino) a aproximadamente 7 cm de su origen, con aparente oclusión completa, por trombosis. En el mismo sitio donde se evidenció el giro de vasos, se apreció aparente inicio de trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior. Se realizó procedimiento quirúrgico en el cual se encontró espacio de Petersen y herniación de todo el intestino delgado a través de dicho espacio. La laparotomía evidenció que la paciente no cursó con trombosis, sino que era un efecto dado por la imagen y el hallazgo que se veía era secundario a la hernia de Petersen. Conclusiones: La presencia del signo de remolino en una angiotomografía es muy importante pero no definitiva en el diagnóstico de la hernia de Petersen.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diagnostic images are essential for the diagnosis of mesenteric vein thrombosis and Petersen's hernia. Objective: To describe the treatment of a patient who presented apparent thrombosis of the mesenteric vein and Petersen's hernia on angiotomography. Clinical case: A patient consulted for colicky abdominal pain predominantly in the epigastrium, radiating to the dorsal region. Due to the clinical picture suggestive of vascular emergency, an angiotomography of the vessels of the thorax and abdomen was immediately requested. The images revealed patency of the superior mesenteric artery at its origin and in the proximal third, appreciating a vessel turn (swirl sign) approximately 7 cm from its origin with apparent complete occlusion due to thrombosis. In the same place where the twisting of the vessels was evident, the initiation of apparent thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein was appreciated. A surgical procedure was performed in which Petersen's space and herniation of the entire small intestine through this space were found. The laparotomy showed that the patient did not have thrombosis at any time, but that it was an effect given by the image and the finding that was seen was secondary to Petersen's hernia. Conclusions: The presence of the swirl sign on an angiotomography is very important but not definitive in the diagnosis of Petersen's hernia.

Trombosis mesénterica asociada a infección por Sars-Cov-2 / Mesenteric thrombosis associated with Sars-Cov-2 infection

La enfermedad COVID-19 se caracteriza principalmente por manifestaciones clínicas respiratorias, que pueden ser leves hasta muy severas, sin embargo, hay un grupo de pacientes que pueden cursar con eventos tromboembólicos en cualquier parte del cuerpo. Se realizó una búsqueda de información científica en tres bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, con el objetivo de describir y analizar las potenciales causas de la trombosis mesentérica asociada a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, así como los resultados clínicos, de los pacientes que presentaron y fueron tratados por trombosis mesentérica durante el curso de la enfermedad. Se han reportado diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos de eventos tromboembólicos asociados a la COVID-19, dentro de ellos se mencionan el estado de hipercoagulabilidad, una mayor producción de factor Von Willebrand, la expresión de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 en los enterocitos del intestino delgado, que como respuesta a la infección pueden liberar mediadores inflamatorios y el estado de shock presente en las dos terceras partes de los pacientes críticos. Los pacientes con la COVID-19 y sobre todo aquellos que cursan con estadios graves pueden tener diferentes mecanismos que confluyen o exacerban un estado de hipercoagulación, que puede puede afectar cualquier parte del cuerpo como los vasos mesentéricos y llevar a una isquemia gastrointestinal que comprometa su viabilidad y termine en una resección intestinal por necrosis(AU)

COVID-19 disease is mainly characterized by respiratory clinical manifestations, which can be light to very severe; however, there is a group of patients who can present with thromboembolic events in any part of the body. A search of scientific information in three databases, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, was carried out with the aim of describing and analyzing the potential causes of mesenteric thrombosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the clinical outcomes of patients who presented and were treated for mesenteric thrombosis during the course of the disease. Different pathophysiological mechanisms of thromboembolic events associated with COVID-19 have been reported, among them the hyper-coagulable state, an increased production of Von Willebrand factor, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in small intestinal enterocytes, which in response to infection can release inflammatory mediators, and the state of shock present in two thirds of critically ill patients. Patients with COVID-19 and especially those with severe stages may have different mechanisms that converge or exacerbate a state of hyper-coagulation, which can affect any part of the body such as the mesenteric vessels and lead to gastrointestinal ischemia that compromises its viability and ends in intestinal resection due to necrosis(AU)

Retrospective study of mesenteric ischemia

Background: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is typically defined as a group of diseases characterized by an interruption of the blood supply to varying portions of the small intestine, leading to ischemia and secondary inflammatory changes.Methods: A monocentric retrospective study was conducted between 01 August 2013 and 31 December 2019; 24 AMI patients underwent surgery (17 men and 7 women). Retrospectively, the risk factors, management until diagnosis and mortality were evaluated.Results: Patients present with an acute pain of the abdomen. Diagnosis was provided by CT with contrast medium. The 30-day mortality was 45.8%, the late mortality was 25% and the overall mortality was 70.8%. For the <12 hours delay group, the mortality was 33.3%, and the mortality in the group with 12-24 hours delay was 80% and was 87.5% in the >24 hours after admission group.Conclusions: If untreated, this process will eventuate in life threatening intestinal necrosis. The incidence is low, estimated at 0.09-0.21% of all acute surgical admissions.

Isquemia intestinal por trombosis mesentérica en paciente geriátrico, resuelta por intervencionismo. Reporte de caso / Intestinal Ischemia Due to Mesenteric Thrombosis in a Geriatric Patient, Solved by Intervention. Case Report

Resumen: La trombosis mesentérica representa una urgencia vascular condicionada por la interrupción abrupta del flujo sanguíneo, ya sea arterial o venoso; el cuadro clínico puede ser inespecífico, lo cual puede representar un reto diagnóstico. De acuerdo con su etiología vascular, se requiere un enfoque terapéutico diferente. Si hay sospecha clínica o signos de peritonitis, el diagnóstico por imagen puede apoyar a identificar la patología presentada. En esta ocasión, se presenta caso clínico de una paciente de 84 años que acude al servicio de urgencias por dolor abdominal generalizado, que condujo a la realización de un estudio de imagen diagnóstico para confirmar tal hallazgo.

Abstract: Mesenteric thrombosis represents a vascular urgency caused by the abrupt interruption of blood flow, whether arterial or venous; clinical presentation can be nonspecific, which can represent a diagnostic challenge. According to its vascular etiology, a different therapeutic approach is required. If there is clinical suspicion or signs of peritonitis, the imaging diagnosis can support to identify the presented pathology. On this occasion, there is a clinical case of an 84-year-old patient who goes to the emergency department for generalized abdominal pain, which led to a diagnostic imaging study, to confirm this finding.

Pileflebitis como causa de fiebre / Pylephlebitis as a cause of fever

Resumen La pileflebitis o trombosis séptica portal es una complicación rara pero con gran morbilidad y mortalidad de los procesos infecciosos abdominales que drenan al sistema venoso portal. Con mayor frecuencia se relaciona con la apendicitis y diverticulitis. La incidencia ha aumentado en los últimos años con la disponibilidad de pruebas de imagen, como ecografía y tomografía axial computada abdominal. Esta facilidad en el diagnóstico y sobre todo la prescripción de antibióticos han mejorado el pronóstico, aunque no hay claro consenso en cuanto al tratamiento de esta infección y la anticoagulación es un tema controvertido.

Abstract Pylephlebitis or suppurative thrombophlebitis of the portal mesenteric venous system is a rare but deadly complication of abdominal infections drained by the portal venous system. Usually, it is seen in the setting of appendicitis and diverticulitis. The incidence have been increased in the last years because of the use of modern diagnosis imaging such as ultrasonography and computed tomography scans. The more sensitive imaging techniques and the availability of antibiotics have improve the prognosis, although there is not consensus about the empiric antibiotic regimens and the anticoagulation therapy is a controversial topic.

Enfermedad autosómica poliquística dominante / Dominant autosomal polycystic disease

Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente de 59 años de edad, con quistes renales, tratado en la Unidad de Diálisis del Hospital "Alberto Fernández Monte de Oca" del municipio de San Luis, en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, quien durante el tratamiento hemodialítico presentó dolor abdominal de aparición brusca, difuso, de gran intensidad y se complicó tan gravemente que falleció. El resultado de la necropsia confirmó la presencia de riñones poliquísticos (con 5 kg de peso el derecho y 6 el izquierdo), insuficiencia renal crónica terminal y trombosis mesentérica superior.

The case report of a 59 year-old patient with renal cysts, treated in the Dialysis Unit of "Alberto Fernández Monte de Oca" Hospital in San Luis municipality, from Santiago de Cuba is described. He presented with an intense and abrupt, diffused abdominal pain during the hemodialysis treatment, he had serious complications and so he died. The result of the autopsy confirmed the presence of polycystic kidneys (5 kg weight the right one and 6 the left one), terminal chronic renal failure and superior mesenteric thrombosis.

Arteritis de Takayasu en lactante: caso clínico / Takayasu arteritis in childhood: a clinical case

Background: Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a large vessel systemic vasculitis, affecting the aorta and its main branches, leading to stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm formation. Incidence of 2.6 cases per million per year has been reported. TA is rare condition in children. Steroids are the main therapy for active disease, however, additional immunosuppressive agents are required in 50 percent of the patients. Objective: To report a case of TA in a young infant, presenting with intestinal necrosis. Case Report: 12 month-old male diagnosed with TA at 6 month-old, treated with second line immunosupressors. He presented with 3 days of abdominal pain, images showed aneurysm and thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery. Small bowel ischemia was confirmed. The patient underwent multiple surgical interventions with bowel resection, leaving 30 cm of jejunum and 10 cm of terminal ileum. Anticoagulant therapy was started immediately. Intestinal continuity was restored 6 weeks later, patients was discharge home 3 months after surgery in full enteral intake, anticoagulant therapy, and maintains immunosupressor therapy. Discussion: TA in young infants is uncommon, and they can present atypical clinical manifestations. These patients are a real challenge, requiring multidisciplinary care to avoid further morbidities related to the vasculitis.

Introducción: La Arteritis de Takayasu (AT) es una vasculitis de grandes vasos, que afecta a la aorta y sus ramas principales, llevando a estenosis, trombosis, y formación de aneurismas. Se ha reportado una incidencia de 2.6 casos por millón por año, siendo de baja incidencia en niños. La terapia de elección son los corticoides, seguidos de inmunosupresores en casos resistentes. Objetivo: Reportar el caso de un lactante con AT severa, que cursó con necrosis intestinal. Caso clínico: Varón, 12 meses de edad, diagnóstico de AT a los 6 meses, en tratamiento de segunda línea con inmunosupresores. Presentó cuadro de 3 días de evolución de dolor abdominal, imágenes mostraron trombosis de arteria mesénterica superior aneurismática, desarrollando isquemia intestinal. Fue sometido a múltiples intervenciones quirúrgicas con resección intestinal, con 30 cm de yeyuno y 10 cm de ileon terminal remanente. Inició precozmente tratamiento anticoagulante. La reconstitución de tránsito intestinal fue 6 semanas más tarde, paciente fue dado de alta 3 meses después alimentándose completamente por vía enteral, con tratamiento anticoagulante e inmunosupresor ambulatorio. Conclusión: LaAT en lactantes es rara, y las manifestaciones clínicas pueden ser atípicas. Estos pacientes son un desafío para los equipos médicos, y requirien un manejo multidisciplinario para evitar complicaciones mayores.

Mesenteric thrombosis in patient victim of blunt abdominal trauma / Trombose mesentérica em vítima de trauma abdominal fechado

INTRODUCTION: Mesenteric thrombosis related to trauma is an uncommon entity and has poor prognosis when associated to low perfusion and hemorrhagic shock. Usually presents a challenging diagnosis and high mortality rates, despite appropriate treatment. OBJECTIVE: To relate a case of a car accident and blunt abdominal trauma with terminal ileum and right colon necrosis. CASE REPORT: After initial procedures, complementary exams showed ribs and humerus fractures. Computerized tomography evidenced aerial distension in small bowel, gastric stasis and hidro-pneumothorax. Hypotension was observed during clinical observation followed by cardiopulmonary arrest, responding to reanimation. At surgery, it was found extensive necrosis of right colon and terminal ileum, and an ileum-transversostomy was performed with primary anastomosis. During the staying in intensive care unit, oliguria, miosis, convulsion and pulseless electric activity happened with death in three days after hospital admission. CONCLUSION: Although uncommon, mesenteric ischemia with venous thrombosis might be secondary to blunt abdominal trauma and must be considered in a bad abdominal evolution.

INTRODUÇÃO: Trombose mesentérica, relacionada à trauma é entidade incomum com pobre prognóstico quando seguida de estados de baixo fluxo e choque hipovolêmico. Geralmente se apresenta com quadro de difícil diagnóstico, mortalidade elevada a despeito de tratamento adequado. OBJETIVO: Apresentar um caso de vítima de atropelamento que evoluiu com necrose de cólon direito e íleo terminal. RELATO DO CASO: Após admissão hospitalar e atendimento inicial, os exames complementares mostraram fratura de costela e úmero. Tomografia computadorizada evidenciou distensão aérea em intestino delgado associada à estase gástrica e hidropneumotórax. O paciente evoluiu com hipotensão durante o período de observação clínica, com parada cardiorespiratória, respondendo à reanimação. Levado para procedimento cirúrgico, encontrou-se extensa necrose de cólon ascendente e parte terminal do íleo. Realizou-se hemicolectomia direita com ileotransversostomia. Em cuidados de UTI, evoluiu com oliguria, miose, convulsão e atividade elétrica sem pulso, falecendo três dias após. CONCLUSÃO: Embora incomum, isquemia mesentérica com trombose venosa pode ser secundária a trauma abdominal fechado.

A Case of Mesenteric Thrombosis and Partal Hypertension Associated with Antiphospholipid in a Patient with Hepatitis C / 대한소화기내시경학회지

The gastrointestinal rnanifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies include Budd-Chiari syndroame, hepatic infarction, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, intestinal infarction, perforation, bleeding and ulceration. A 40-year old man, without prior thrombotic event, presented with severe abdominal pain for 3 days and septic shock. Multiple mesenteric venous thrombosis and colonic congestion were suggested by abdominal CT and angiography. Gastroendoscopy revealed esophageal varix and congestive gastropathy. Laboratory tests disclosed postive antiphospholipid antibodies, anti-HCV antibodies, HCV-PCR, prolonged PT, aPTT, thrombocytopenia and had no evidences of SLE and other connective tissue diseases. He was diagnosed as mutiple mesenteric thrombosis and portal hypertension associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection. He was improved with the antibiotics and intravenous vasopressors. He have had no other thrombotic events until one year after discharge.